The Rohingya Migrant Crisis . The latest surge in refugees was prompted by a long- building crisis: the discriminatory policies of the Myanmar government in Rakhine state, which have caused hundreds of thousands of Rohingya to flee since the late 1. Their plight has been compounded by the responses of many of Myanmar’s neighbors, which have been slow to take in refugees for fear of a migrant influx they feel incapable of handling. Who are the Rohingya? The Rohingya are an ethnic Muslim minority group living primarily in Myanmar’s western Rakhine state; they practice a Sufi- inflected variation of Sunni Islam. The estimated one million Rohingya in Myanmar account for nearly a third of Rakhine’s population.
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The Rohingya differ from Myanmar’s dominant Buddhist groups ethnically, linguistically, and religiously. The Rohingya trace their origins in the region to the fifteenth century when thousands of Muslims came to the former Arakan Kingdom.
Many others arrived during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries when Bengal and the Rakhine territory were governed by colonial rule as part of British India. Since independence in 1. Burma, renamed Myanmar in 1. Rohingya’s historical claims and denied the group recognition as one of the country’s 1.
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The Rohingya are largely identified as illegal Bengali immigrants, despite the fact that many Rohingya have resided in Myanmar for centuries. Both the Myanmar government and the Rakhine state’s dominant ethnic Buddhist group, known as the Rakhine, reject the use of the label “Rohingya,” a self- identifying term .
Though the etymological root of the word is disputed, the most widely accepted origin is that “Rohang” is a derivation of the word “Arakan” in the Rohingya dialect and the “ga” or “gya” means “from.” By identifying as Rohingya, the ethnic Muslim group asserts its ties to land that was once under the control of the Arakan Kingdom, according to Chris Lewa, director of the Arakan Project, a Thailand- based advocacy group. What is the legal status of the Rohingya? The Myanmar government refuses to grant the Rohingya citizenship status, and as a result the vast majority of the group’s members have no legal documentation, effectively making them stateless. Though Myanmar’s 1.
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Rohingya of access to full citizenship. Until recently, the Rohingya have been able to register as temporary residents with identification cards, known as “white cards,” which Myanmar’s regime began issuing to many Muslims (both Rohingya and non- Rohingya) in the 1. The white cards conferred .
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Although the temporary cards held no legal value, Lewa says that the identity cards did represent some minimal recognition of temporary stay for the Rohingya in Myanmar. In 2. 01. 4 the government held a UN- backed national census—its first in thirty years. The Muslim minority group was initially permitted to self- identify as “Rohingya,” but after Buddhist nationalists threatened to boycott the census, the government decided the Rohingya could only register if they identified as Bengali. In the 2. 01. 5 elections, which were widely touted as being free and fair by international monitors, no parliamentary candidate was of the Muslim faith. Widespread poverty, weak infrastructure, and a lack of employment opportunities exacerbate the cleavage between Buddhists and Muslim Rohingya.
This tension is deepened by religious differences that have at times erupted into conflict. Groups of Buddhist nationalists burned Rohingya homes and killed more than 2. Human Rights Watch described the anti- Rohingya violence as amounting to crimes against humanity carried out as part of a “campaign of ethnic cleansing.” Since 2.
More than 1. 20,0. Muslims, predominantly Rohingya, are still housed in more than forty internment camps, according to regional rights organization Fortify Rights.
Many Rohingya have turned to smugglers, choosing to pay for transport out of Myanmar to escape persecution. Fleeing repression and extreme poverty, more than eighty- eight thousand migrants took to sea from the Bay of Bengal between January 2. May 2. 01. 5, according to the International Organization for Migration (IOM). A series of attacks on security posts along the Myanmar- Bangladesh border in October 2. Rakhine state. Local government and authorities blamed Rohingya militants for the attacks, prompting an inflow of military and police forces to support a manhunt for those responsible and to tighten security.
Dozens of people were killed in raids, tens of thousands displaced internally, and at least sixty- five thousand crossed into Bangladesh between October 2. January 2. 01. 7. Mission Chief in Myanmar. Human Rights Watch released satellite imagery showing the fresh destruction of hundreds of Rohingya homes in October and November 2.
Reports in November indicated that the security lockdown was also preventing the entry of much- needed food and medical care from international agencies into villages. Later that month, John Mc. Kissick, head of the UN refugee agency, said the Myanmar government was carrying out “ethnic cleansing” of the Rohingya people.
Malaysia’s foreign minister described the Myanmar government’s actions as ethnic cleansing and called on stopping the practice. Separately, protesters gathered in cities in India, Thailand, Indonesia, and Bangladesh to condemn the killing and persecution of Rohingya. Meanwhile, the Myanmar government has focused its messaging on its efforts to “maintain peace and stability” in the country and its own investigations have refuted allegations of genocide and religious persecution.
Where are they migrating? Bangladesh: Many Rohingya have sought refuge in nearby Bangladesh, which hosts more than thirty- three thousand registered refugees; between two hundred thousand and five hundred thousand additional unregistered Rohingya refugees are believed to live in the country, according to UN High Commissioner for Refugees estimates. However, conditions in most of the country’s refugee camps are dire, driving many to risk a perilous voyage across the Bay of Bengal. In January 2. 01.
Myanmar agreed to begin talks with Bangladesh over the tens of thousands of refugees who have fled across the border. Malaysia: As of June 2. Malaysia’s 1. 50,7. Myanmar, including tens of thousands of Rohingya, according the UN. Rohingya who have arrived safely in Malaysia have no legal status and are unable to work, leaving their families cut off from access to education and healthcare.
Thailand: Thailand is a hub for regional human smuggling and trafficking activities and serves as a common transit point for Rohingya. Migrants often arrive by boat from Bangladesh or Myanmar before moving on foot to Malaysia or continuing by boat to Indonesia or Malaysia. A 2. 01. 3 Reuters report found that some Thai authorities were colluding with smuggling and trafficking networks in the exploitation of detained Rohingya.
In its 2. 01. 6 Trafficking in Persons report . State Department upgraded Thailand to Tier 2 Watch List, from the bottom Tier 3 ranking, after having been identified as a source, destination, and transit country for men, women, and children who are subject to trafficking. But some experts say that new punitive measures directed at traffickers were responsible for the uptick in abandoned vessels at sea—a development that worsened the humanitarian crisis. Indonesia: The Rohingya have also sought refuge in Indonesia, although the number of refugees there remains relatively modest. During the spring 2. Indonesia’s military chief expressed concerns that easing immigration restrictions would spark an influx of people. Amid international pressure, Indonesia admitted one thousand Rohingya and provided them with emergency assistance and protection.
Myanmar’s navy also conducted initial rescue missions in late 2. Joe Lowry, the Asia spokesman for the IOM, characterized the ad hoc regional response to the crisis as, “a game of maritime ping- pong.”What is being done to address the migration crisis? Myanmar’s first civilian government—led by Aung San Suu Kyi’s opposition National League for Democracy (NLD) party—won in landslide elections in November 2. While the cabinet ministers include a mix of political and ethnic representatives, critics say the NLD has been reluctant to advocate for the Rohingya and other Muslims because of the party’s need to cultivate support from Buddhist nationalists. Nevertheless, Aung San Suu Kyi, who has vowed to push for national peace and reconciliation, established a nine- person commission in August 2.
UN Secretary- General Kofi Annan, to discuss options for resolving ethnic strife in Rakhine state. The advisory committee, whose final report is expected by the end of August 2. The Myanmar leader accused the international actors of “drumming up cause for bigger fires of resentment” in December 2. Separately, others observers have said the creation of the new commission offers a rare glimmer of hope for resolving the problem.
Regionally, no unified or coordinated ASEAN response has been proposed to address the deepening crisis. States in Southeast Asia lack established legal frameworks to provide for the protection of rights for refugees. Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Thailand—all ASEAN members—have yet to ratify the UN Refugee Convention and its Protocol. ASEAN itself has been silent on the plight of the Rohingya and on the growing numbers of asylum- seekers in member countries largely because of the organization’s commitment to the fundamental principle of noninterference in the internal affairs of member states. But this has not quieted all voices within the regional grouping. ASEAN as a region has a duty to act,” wrote Charles Santiago, a member of parliament in Malaysia and the chairperson of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Parliamentarians for Human Rights, a network of current and former legislators working to strengthen human rights promotion and protection, in November 2.
Easter Rising - Wikipedia. Easter Rising. The Rising was launched by Irish republicans to end British rule in Ireland and establish an independent Irish Republic while the United Kingdom was heavily engaged in the First World War. It was the most significant uprising in Ireland since the rebellion of 1. Irish revolutionary period.
Organised by a seven- man Military Council of the Irish Republican Brotherhood. Members of the Irish Volunteers—led by schoolmaster and Irish language activist Patrick Pearse, joined by the smaller Irish Citizen Army of James Connolly and 2. Cumann na m. Ban—seized key locations in Dublin and proclaimed an Irish Republic. The British Army brought in thousands of reinforcements as well as artillery and a gunboat. There was fierce street fighting on the routes into the city centre, where the rebels put up stiff resistance, slowing the British advance and inflicting heavy casualties. Elsewhere in Dublin, the fighting mainly consisted of sniping and long- range gun battles.
The main rebel positions were gradually surrounded and bombarded with artillery. There were isolated actions in other parts of Ireland, with attacks on the Royal Irish Constabulary barracks at Ashbourne, County Meath, County Cork and in County Galway, and the seizure of the town of Enniscorthy, County Wexford.
Germany had sent a shipment of arms to the rebels, but the British had intercepted it just before the Rising began. Volunteer leader Eoin Mac. Neill had then issued a countermand in a bid to halt the Rising, which greatly reduced the number of rebels who mobilised. With much greater numbers and heavier weapons, the British Army suppressed the Rising. Pearse agreed to an unconditional surrender on Saturday 2.
April, although sporadic fighting continued until Sunday, when word reached the other rebel positions. After the surrender the country remained under martial law.
About 3,5. 00 people were taken prisoner by the British, many of whom had played no part in the Rising, and 1,8. Britain. Most of the leaders of the Rising were executed following courts- martial.
The Rising brought physical force republicanism back to the forefront of Irish politics, which for nearly 5. It, and the British reaction to it, led to increased popular support for Irish independence.
In December 1. 91. Sinn F. They did not take their seats, but instead convened the First D. The Soloheadbeg ambush started the War of Independence.
Easter Rising. About 5. British military and police, and 1. Irish rebels. More than 2,6. Many of the civilians were killed as a result of the British using artillery and heavy machine guns, or mistaking civilians for rebels. Others were caught in the crossfire in a crowded city.
The shelling and the fires it caused left parts of inner city Dublin in ruins. Background. From early on, many Irish nationalists opposed the union and the ensuing exploitation and impoverishment of the island, which led to a high level of depopulation. In 1. 88. 6, the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) under Charles Stewart Parnell succeeded in having the First Home Rule Bill introduced in the British parliament, but it was defeated. The Second Home Rule Bill of 1. House of Commons but rejected by the House of Lords.
After the fall of Parnell, younger and more radical nationalists became disillusioned with parliamentary politics and turned toward more extreme forms of separatism. The Gaelic Athletic Association, the Gaelic League and the cultural revival under W.
Yeats and Lady Augusta Gregory, together with the new political thinking of Arthur Griffith expressed in his newspaper Sinn F. Asquith in 1. 91. Unionists, who were Protestant, opposed it, as they did not want to be ruled by a Catholic- dominated Irish government. Led by Sir Edward Carson and James Craig, they formed the Ulster Volunteers (UVF) in January 1. The Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) was a driving force behind the Irish Volunteers and attempted to control it. Its leader was Eoin Mac. Neill, who was not an IRB member.
It included people with a range of political views, and was open to . British Army officers then threatened to resign if they were ordered to take action against the UVF. By 1. 91. 4, Ireland seemed to be on the brink of a civil war. The Home Rule Bill was enacted, but its implementation was postponed by a suspensory act until the end of the war.
Planning the Rising. At this meeting, they decided to stage an uprising before the war ended and to secure help from Germany.
The Military Council was able to promote its own policies and personnel independently of both the Volunteer Executive and the IRB Executive. Although the Volunteer and IRB leaders were not against a rising in principle, they were of the opinion that it was not opportune at that moment. IRB President Denis Mc.
Cullough and prominent IRB member Bulmer Hobson held similar views. IRB members held officer rank in the Volunteers throughout the country and took their orders from the Military Council, not from Mac. Neill. Casement went to Germany and began negotiations with the German government and military. He persuaded the Germans to announce their support for Irish independence in November 1. Plunkett joined Casement in Germany the following year.
Together, Plunkett and Casement presented a plan (the 'Ireland Report') in which a German expeditionary force would land on the west coast of Ireland, while a rising in Dublin diverted the British forces so that the Germans, with the help of local Volunteers, could secure the line of the River Shannon, before advancing on the capital. If they had done it alone, the IRB and the Volunteers would possibly have come to their aid.
They agreed that they would launch a rising together at Easter and made Connolly the sixth member of the Military Council. Thomas Mac. Donagh would later become the seventh and final member.
The death of the old Fenian leader Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa in New York in August 1. His body was sent to Ireland for burial in Glasnevin Cemetery, with the Volunteers in charge of arrangements. Huge crowds lined the route and gathered at the graveside. Pearse made a dramatic funeral oration, a rallying call to republicans, which ended with the words . He had the authority to do this, as the Volunteers' Director of Organisation. The idea was that IRB members within the organisation would know these were orders to begin the rising, while men such as Mac.
Neill and the British authorities would take it at face value. On 9 April, the German Navy dispatched a ship for County Kerry. Disguised as a Norwegian ship called the Aud, it was loaded with 2.
Casement also left for Ireland aboard the German submarine U- 1. He was disappointed with the level of support offered by the Germans and he intended to stop or at least postpone the rising. It was an edited version of a real document outlining British plans in the event of conscription. However, it chose not to inform the rank- and- file, or moderates such as Mac. Neill, until the last minute. Mac. Neill believed that when the British learned of the shipment they would immediately suppress the Volunteers, thus the Volunteers would be justified in taking defensive action, including the planned manoeuvres.
This was earlier than the Volunteers expected and so none were there to meet the vessels. The Royal Navy had known about the arms shipment and intercepted the Aud, prompting the captain to scuttle the ship. Furthermore, Casement was captured shortly after he landed at Banna Strand.
With the support of other leaders of like mind, notably Bulmer Hobson and The O'Rahilly, he issued a countermand to all Volunteers, cancelling all actions for Sunday. This countermanding order was relayed to Volunteer officers and printed in the Sunday morning newspapers. It succeeded in putting the rising off for only a day, although it greatly reduced the number of Volunteers who turned out. British Naval Intelligence had been aware of the arms shipment, Casement's return, and the Easter date for the rising through radio messages between Germany and its embassy in the United States that were intercepted by the Royal Navy and deciphered in Room 4. Admiralty. Nathan proposed to raid Liberty Hall, headquarters of the Citizen Army, and Volunteer properties at Father Matthew Park and at Kimmage, but Wimborne insisted on wholesale arrests of the leaders. It was decided to postpone action until after Easter Monday, and in the meantime Nathan telegraphed the Chief Secretary, Augustine Birrell, in London seeking his approval. They decided that the Rising would go ahead the following day, Easter Monday, and that the Irish Volunteers and Irish Citizen Army would go into action as the 'Army of the Irish Republic'.
They elected Pearse as president of the Irish Republic, and also as Commander- in- Chief of the army; Connolly became Commandant of the Dublin Brigade. Among them were members of the all- female Cumann na m. Ban. Some wore Irish Volunteer and Citizen Army uniforms, while others wore civilian clothes with a yellow Irish Volunteer armband, military hats, and bandoliers. This was due to Mac.
Neill's countermanding order, and the fact that the new orders had been sent so soon beforehand. However, several hundred Volunteers joined the Rising after it began. The rebels' plan was to hold Dublin city centre. This was a large, oval- shaped area bounded by two canals: the Grand to the south and the Royal to the north, with the River Liffey running through the middle.
On the southern and western edges of this district were five British Army barracks. Most of the rebel's positions had been chosen to defend against counter- attacks from these barracks. Civilians were evacuated and policemen were ejected or taken prisoner. Barricades were erected on the streets to hinder British Army movement. This was the headquarters battalion, and it also included Commander- in- Chief Patrick Pearse, as well as Tom Clarke, Se.
Pearse stood outside and read the Proclamation of the Irish Republic.
Beijing Goes Global: China Expands Marine Force 4. First Overseas Military Base Almost Complete. Authored by Daniel Lang via SHTFplan.
For most of its recent history, China has largely been a land power with no significant naval capabilities. They haven’t been able to exert much military influence beyond their coastline for hundreds of years. In fact, one of the reasons why Western powers had no trouble bullying China during the 1. Imperial Navy under the Qing dynasty was incredibly weak. With that in mind, it’s no surprise that lately, China has been putting a lot of effort into building an effective overseas naval force. Not only have they been busy constructing their first combat- ready aircraft carrier, the Chinese have also been developing new aircrafts to accompany it.
Of course, a navy can’t really exert much military influence if it doesn’t have soldiers to deploy. That’s why Chinese officials have recently announced that they are preparing to rapidly expand the ranks of the People’s Liberation Army Marine Corps. Chinese media is reporting the People’s Liberation Army’s ambitious new plans following the announcement of a 7 per cent increase to $2. Among the details to emerge is a move to boost China’s marine corps — highly trained and well equipped troops intended for rapid deployment and offensive missions launched from the sea — from an existing 2. Chinese officials have stated this is to protect arterial maritime trade routes and enforce its growing overseas interests.“What growing overseas interests” you might ask? Well, China has been in the process of building their first overseas military base in Djibouti, on the Horn of Africa. And that base is expected to be completed this summer.
Marine Gen. Thomas Waldhauser, commander of Afri. Com, told the Senate Armed Services Committee that he expected the Chinese base on the Horn of Africa to be operational later this summer. Without getting specific, Waldhauser said he recently met with Djibouti’s President Ismail Omar Guelleh “and expressed our concerns about some of the things that are important to us about what the Chinese should not do at that location.”The Chinese base would be about four miles from the U. S. They want to compete with our current role in the global theater. Unfortunately, there isn’t enough room in the world for two countries carrying out that role. We may very well be witnessing the first stages of a new conflict between the United States and China.